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They only hold Unicode point codes and therefore can hold any Unicode point from across the entire spectrum. Strings contain encoded text, beit UTF- 8, UTF- 1. ISO- 8. 89. 5- 1, GBK, Big.
Strings are decoded to Unicode and Unicodes are encoded to strings. Files and text data are always transferred in encoded strings. The Markdown module authors probably use unicode() (where the exception is thrown) as a quality gate to the rest of the code - it will convert ASCII or re- wrap existing Unicodes strings to a new Unicode string. The Markdown authors can't know the encoding of the incoming string so will rely on you to decode strings to Unicode strings before passing to Markdown. Unicode strings can be declared in your code using the u prefix to strings. E. g.> > > my. When this happens, you don't need to worry about the encoding.
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Gotchas. Conversion from str to Unicode can happen even when you don't explicitly call unicode(). The following scenarios cause Unicode. Decode. Error exceptions: unicode('. In both examples, caf is just regular ascii. The correct decode() is invoked and conversion to a Python Unicode is successfull. In this diagram, decode() is called with ascii (which is the same as calling unicode() without an encoding given).
As ASCII can't contain bytes greater than 0x. F, this will throw a Unicode. Decode. Error exception: The Unicode Sandwich. It's good practice to form a Unicode sandwich in your code, where you decode all incoming data to Unicode strings, work with Unicodes, then encode to strs on the way out. This saves you from worrying about the encoding of strings in the middle of your code.
Input / Decode. Source code. If you need to bake non- ASCII into your source code, just create Unicode strings by prefixing the string with a u. For example, if your file was encoded as 'UTF- 8', you would use: # encoding: utf- 8.
This is only necessary when you have non- ASCII in your source code. Files. Usually non- ASCII data is received from a file. The io module provides a Text. Wrapper that decodes your file on the fly, using a given encoding. You must use the correct encoding for the file - it can't be easily guessed.
For example, for a UTF- 8 file: import io. If a Unicode. Decode. Error from the read() line, then you've probably used the wrong encoding value. CSV Files. The Python 2.
CSV module does not support non- ASCII characters . Help is at hand, however, with https: //pypi. Use it like above but pass the opened file to it: from backports import csv. Always use Unicode strings for SQL queries. The Content- type header should contain a charset field to hint at the encoding.
The content can then be decoded manually against this value. Alternatively, Python- Requests returns Unicodes in response.
Manually. If you must decode strings manually, you can simply do my. Python 2. x supported codecs are given here: Standard Encodings. Again, if you get Unicode. Decode. Error then you've probably got the wrong encoding.
The meat of the sandwich. Work with Unicodes as you would normal strs. Outputstdout / printingprint writes through the stdout stream.
Python tries to configure an encoder on stdout so that Unicodes are encoded to the console's encoding. For example, if a Linux shell's locale is en. On Windows, you will be limited to an 8bit code page. An incorrectly configured console, such as corrupt locale, can lead to unexpected print errors.
PYTHONIOENCODING environment variable can force the encoding for stdout. Files. Just like input, io. Unicodes to encoded byte strings. Database. The same configuration for reading will allow Unicodes to be written directly. Python 3. Python 3 in no more Unicode capable as Python 2. Unicode string and the old str is now bytes.
The default encoding is now UTF- 8, so if you . Python 3 uses UTF- 8 encoding.
This probably fixes 5. Unicode problems. Further, open() operates in text mode by default, so returns decoded str (Unicode ones). The encoding is derived from your locale, which tends to be UTF- 8 on Un*x systems or an 8- bit code page, such as windows- 1.
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